近日，國家(jia)電網有(you)限公司率先(xian)發(fa)布“碳達峰(feng)、碳中和”行動(dong)方(fang)案(an)。方(fang)案(an)中明確(que)了要加(jia)強(qiang)系統調節能力(li)建(jian)設(she)，大(da)力(li)推進(jin)抽水蓄能電站和調峰(feng)氣電建(jian)設(she)，推廣應用(yong)大(da)規模裝置。今年2月，國網江蘇省(sheng)電力有(you)限(xian)公司自主研制的微儲能裝置投運，可(ke)快(kuai)速功率響應(ying)、主動抑制電網(wang)諧波、靈活調節無功、提高(gao)供(gong)電可(ke)靠性，助力電網(wang)運行更加(jia)安全可(ke)靠。

“自超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)微儲能(neng)裝置投運(yun)(yun)以來，虎(hu)橋(qiao)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)合(he)格率始終保持在100%，諧(xie)波含量(liang)降低15.6%，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)閃(shan)變(bian)(bian)現(xian)象也(ye)得到根本抑制(zhi)。有了(le)這套(tao)裝置，我們再也(ye)不用擔心客戶反映(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質量(liang)問題了(le)。” 江蘇(su)南(nan)京供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公司運(yun)(yun)檢部副主任何萍(ping)說。2月7日，國(guo)網江蘇(su)省電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力有限公司自主研制(zhi)的(de)國(guo)內首套(tao)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)微儲能(neng)裝置在南(nan)京江北新區110千伏虎(hu)橋(qiao)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站投運(yun)(yun)。截至3月8日，該(gai)裝置已安全運(yun)(yun)行29天，為提升南(nan)京江北國(guo)家級開(kai)發區電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質量(liang)和供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可靠性發揮(hui)了(le)重(zhong)要作用。

靈活調控，新型儲能裝置讓(rang)電網運行更安(an)全

當前(qian)，風電(dian)和(he)光伏(fu)發電(dian)機組、直(zhi)流輸電(dian)裝置等電(dian)力(li)電(dian)子設(she)備(bei)在(zai)電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)大規模應用(yong)，顯著縮短了傳統(tong)(tong)燃煤機組的(de)運行時長，降低了電(dian)力(li)消費(fei)的(de)碳排放水(shui)平(ping)。但電(dian)力(li)電(dian)子發電(dian)設(she)備(bei)在(zai)替代傳統(tong)(tong)燃煤機組的(de)同時，也(ye)同步壓減(jian)了電(dian)網旋轉備(bei)用(yong)容量。電(dian)力(li)電(dian)子化電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)低慣量、欠阻(zu)尼特征是大電(dian)網安全穩定運行面臨的(de)最大挑戰。

儲能(neng)技術是目前(qian)公認的(de)(de)可以(yi)有效提(ti)升電(dian)網(wang)旋轉備(bei)用容量的(de)(de)途徑。儲能(neng)的(de)(de)方(fang)式有很多種，主要包括基于化學方(fang)式的(de)(de)鋰電(dian)池、鉛酸電(dian)池、鉛碳(tan)電(dian)池等，基于機械方(fang)式的(de)(de)飛輪儲能(neng)，基于勢能(neng)方(fang)式的(de)(de)抽水(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)、壓縮空(kong)氣(qi)儲能(neng)，以(yi)及基于電(dian)磁場(chang)方(fang)式的(de)(de)超(chao)(chao)級電(dian)容、超(chao)(chao)導磁儲能(neng)。

江蘇電力科學研究院(yuan)高級工程師史明(ming)(ming)明(ming)(ming)博士介紹，受電化學反應(ying)速率的限制，鋰(li)電池、鉛酸電池、鉛碳電池等電化學類儲(chu)能(neng)系統的功(gong)率密(mi)度比較(jiao)小。當發生電網(wang)暫態(tai)擾動事件功(gong)率突變時，電化學儲(chu)能(neng)系統不(bu)能(neng)快速地吸收(shou)或釋放目標(biao)功(gong)率，較(jiao)難滿足系統的動態(tai)要求。

超級電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)具有充放電(dian)速度快、循環壽命長、安全(quan)性(xing)高等優勢(shi)，尤其(qi)適合(he)短時大(da)容量功率需求場景，放電(dian)倍率是鋰電(dian)池的(de)百(bai)倍以上，近年(nian)來(lai)成為國內外廣泛關(guan)注的(de)一種新型儲能(neng)元(yuan)件。超級電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)如果能(neng)在(zai)電(dian)網中應用，可(ke)快速釋放能(neng)量，“一攬子(zi)”解(jie)決大(da)擾動情形下電(dian)網頻率失穩、電(dian)壓(ya)暫降等問題(ti)。

基于超級電容(rong)(rong)器(qi)的(de)性能(neng)優勢，2019年8月，國網江(jiang)蘇(su)(su)電力設(she)備部(bu)組建了(le)電能(neng)質量提(ti)升(sheng)專(zhuan)項技(ji)術攻關團隊，聚焦電壓暫降、諧(xie)波(bo)消除等(deng)“卡脖子”難題(ti)攻關。江(jiang)蘇(su)(su)電科院專(zhuan)業(ye)人員(yuan)深(shen)入(ru)現場調研，分析(xi)對比(bi)技(ji)術路線(xian)，提(ti)出了(le)集諧(xie)波(bo)抑制、無功補償、暫降治(zhi)理、儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)等(deng)功能(neng)于一體(ti)的(de)超級電容(rong)(rong)微儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)技(ji)術方案。

為(wei)確保(bao)項目(mu)可行(xing)(xing)性，攻關團隊先在(zai)實驗室(shi)完(wan)成(cheng)50千瓦(wa)(wa)樣機各項功(gong)能(neng)(neng)試驗后(hou)，再進行(xing)(xing)500千瓦(wa)(wa)超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)容微儲能(neng)(neng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置的(de)研制。該(gai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置主(zhu)要(yao)由超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)容模塊、電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)子變(bian)流器(qi)和(he)快速(su)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)控制器(qi)三部分組成(cheng)。快速(su)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)控制器(qi)可在(zai)10毫(hao)(hao)秒內完(wan)成(cheng)頻率(lv)(lv)(lv)檢(jian)測(ce)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)子變(bian)流器(qi)可在(zai)2毫(hao)(hao)秒內實現有功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)快速(su)、精準支撐(cheng)，并且電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)子變(bian)流器(qi)集(ji)成(cheng)了電(dian)(dian)網諧波(bo)主(zhu)動抑制、無(wu)功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)靈活(huo)調節(jie)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，讓該(gai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置成(cheng)為(wei)集(ji)儲能(neng)(neng)與電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)質量管(guan)理于一體的(de)新(xin)型補(bu)償裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置。今年2月7日，這套變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)容微儲能(neng)(neng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置投入使用。

試點先行，毫秒級響應讓電(dian)網運行更可靠

“江(jiang)蘇作為長三角重(zhong)鎮(zhen)，高(gao)(gao)端制造業(ye)發(fa)達，高(gao)(gao)新(xin)技術產業(ye)園區眾多，半導(dao)體集(ji)成電(dian)路企業(ye)、數據中心等高(gao)(gao)產值用戶對電(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量的(de)要求很高(gao)(gao)。如何進一步(bu)提升電(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量成為迫在眉睫的(de)難(nan)題。”國網江(jiang)蘇電(dian)力設(she)備部(bu)副主任景(jing)巍(wei)巍(wei)說。

他介紹，南京江北新(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)作為江蘇省唯(wei)一(yi)的國家級新(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)，是江蘇對(dui)(dui)接(jie)“一(yi)帶一(yi)路”倡議(yi)和長(chang)江經濟帶戰略的重要(yao)支撐(cheng)點，用電(dian)負荷增長(chang)快，對(dui)(dui)供電(dian)可(ke)靠性要(yao)求高(gao)。而110千伏虎(hu)橋(qiao)變(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)鄰近長(chang)江沿(yan)岸、靠近南京科技(ji)創(chuang)新(xin)總部大廈(sha)，主要(yao)供電(dian)客戶為大型寫字樓、高(gao)新(xin)技(ji)術(shu)研創(chuang)園、自貿區(qu)(qu)(qu)等，對(dui)(dui)供電(dian)可(ke)靠性的要(yao)求尤其高(gao)。

“超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)容微(wei)儲能(neng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)在江北新區110千伏虎橋變電(dian)(dian)站投運以來，實時檢(jian)測電(dian)(dian)網(wang)運行(xing)數(shu)據，動(dong)(dong)態(tai)調(diao)整電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)無功功率，消除電(dian)(dian)網(wang)超標的(de)諧波(bo)電(dian)(dian)流，補償(chang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)暫(zan)降(jiang)，保障供電(dian)(dian)質量(liang)。有了(le)(le)它(ta)的(de)支撐，電(dian)(dian)網(wang)更安全了(le)(le)。”史明(ming)明(ming)說。他(ta)介(jie)紹，正(zheng)常(chang)情(qing)況下，該(gai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)以電(dian)(dian)能(neng)質量(liang)綜合(he)治理模式(shi)運行(xing)，保障日常(chang)供電(dian)(dian)質量(liang)。而萬一電(dian)(dian)網(wang)發生大波(bo)動(dong)(dong)引起頻率跌(die)落時，該(gai)微(wei)儲能(neng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)可以在12毫秒(miao)內進入一次(ci)調(diao)頻模式(shi)。傳統發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組因為機(ji)械慣(guan)量(liang)大，一次(ci)調(diao)頻響應(ying)延遲會達到10秒(miao)以上，從而引起故障范(fan)圍的(de)擴(kuo)大。而超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)容微(wei)儲能(neng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)好比(bi)“渦輪(lun)增壓(ya)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)”，彌補了(le)(le)關鍵時間窗口的(de)功率缺口，使電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)一次(ci)調(diao)頻過程(cheng)明(ming)顯提速。

前景(jing)廣闊，小裝置(zhi)蘊(yun)藏(zang)大潛能

截(jie)至2020年(nian)年(nian)底(di)，江(jiang)蘇(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)新(xin)(xin)能源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)機達3217.7萬千(qian)瓦(wa)，占全省發(fa)電(dian)(dian)總(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)機的22.7%。根據國網(wang)(wang)江(jiang)蘇(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)力“十四五”規(gui)劃，江(jiang)蘇(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的新(xin)(xin)能源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)機占比將進一步(bu)提升——到(dao)2025年(nian)年(nian)底(di)，江(jiang)蘇(su)(su)風電(dian)(dian)總(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)機將達到(dao)5200萬千(qian)瓦(wa)、光伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)總(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)機將達到(dao)3800萬千(qian)瓦(wa)，總(zong)(zong)(zong)共將占全省發(fa)電(dian)(dian)總(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)機的近(jin)50%。高比例(li)新(xin)(xin)能源接入正給現有電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)網(wang)(wang)架帶來新(xin)(xin)的問題(ti)，電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)亟須毫秒級的快速功(gong)率(lv)支撐(cheng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置。

在發(fa)展應用(yong)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)技(ji)術提(ti)升電(dian)(dian)網安全運行水平方面(mian)，江(jiang)蘇電(dian)(dian)網一(yi)直在探(tan)索。近年來(lai)，國(guo)網江(jiang)蘇電(dian)(dian)力(li)先后建成了大規模源(yuan)網荷(he)互動(dong)(dong)系統，并在鎮江(jiang)、蘇州、淮安等地相繼投(tou)運電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，總(zong)容(rong)量22萬千(qian)瓦(wa)。電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)在消除新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)波動(dong)(dong)、降(jiang)低負(fu)荷(he)峰谷差、提(ti)高供電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)利用(yong)率、提(ti)升供電(dian)(dian)可靠(kao)性(xing)等方面(mian)具(ju)有突出優勢，是實現(xian)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)供應清潔化(hua)(hua)(hua)、用(yong)戶用(yong)電(dian)(dian)智能(neng)(neng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、網荷(he)高效(xiao)互動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的重要手段。而南京江(jiang)北新(xin)(xin)區110千(qian)伏(fu)虎(hu)橋變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)超級電(dian)(dian)容(rong)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)示范工程的成功投(tou)運，為安全、經濟、高效(xiao)的儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)技(ji)術應用(yong)探(tan)索了一(yi)條新(xin)(xin)路。

超級電(dian)容(rong)微儲能(neng)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)多能(neng)合一，具有(you)結(jie)構(gou)緊湊、占(zhan)地小的優點，可充(chong)分發揮變電(dian)站(zhan)內零星閑散空間資源效能(neng)。此外，它還可以(yi)替代變電(dian)站(zhan)電(dian)容(rong)器、電(dian)抗器，占(zhan)地僅為傳統設備的60%，而且電(dian)壓曲(qu)線控制更平滑(hua)，大(da)大(da)提(ti)升了(le)變電(dian)站(zhan)的智能(neng)化水平。

“超級電(dian)(dian)容微儲能裝(zhuang)置不(bu)僅可(ke)以作為電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)‘渦輪增(zeng)壓(ya)裝(zhuang)置’，保障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)安(an)全穩定(ding)運行；也是(shi)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)諧波的(de)(de)清(qing)除者(zhe)，能保障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)用(yong)戶的(de)(de)綠色供(gong)電(dian)(dian)；還(huan)是(shi)配(pei)網(wang)的(de)(de)‘充電(dian)(dian)寶’，可(ke)在突(tu)發電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)暫降時，保障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)用(yong)戶供(gong)電(dian)(dian)不(bu)間斷。” 國(guo)網(wang)江蘇電(dian)(dian)力(li)設備(bei)管理部技術處副處長(chang)付慧說。

隨著江(jiang)蘇產(chan)業(ye)結構進一步升(sheng)級(ji)(ji)、高尖端(duan)企(qi)業(ye)比重(zhong)不斷提升(sheng)，超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)微(wei)儲能(neng)(neng)裝置將有(you)良(liang)好的(de)應用(yong)市(shi)場。超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)微(wei)儲能(neng)(neng)裝置可在省內變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)房推廣(guang)應用(yong)。據國(guo)網江(jiang)蘇電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力初步測算，省內變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)可利用(yong)空間具有(you)新增200萬(wan)千瓦(wa)超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)微(wei)儲能(neng)(neng)裝機規模的(de)潛力，為超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)微(wei)儲能(neng)(neng)帶(dai)來廣(guang)闊應用(yong)前(qian)景。